Time and history
Everything we do can be measured in time. It takes a certain amount of time to get out of bed in the morning, to get to school and to do our homework. History is also measured in time. It is the study of the past. It is important to learn about the past because it can help us to make the future better.
- Look at the old objects in the left-hand column. Draw their modern equivalents in your notebook or find photos.
- Make your own chart in your notebook. Find photos of old objects and their modern equivalents.
- Think about what the objects you have chosen will look like in the future. Draw pictures in your notebook and label them.
Time is constantly moving forward. It never stops. We can talk about time in the past present or future.
History is the study of the past. People who study history are called historians. They study historical sources to find out information about the past.
History is the study of the past. People who study history are called historians. They study historical sources to find out information about the past.
Physical sources are objects that give us information about the past. These objects can be as big as a castle or as small as a simple tool.
Written sources include books, letters, newspapers and other written documents from the past.
Visual sources can be paintings, drawings, or photographs that show life in the past.
The history of human beings is very long. We use different measurements of time to organise information about the past.
We use a timeline to show important events in the order they happened. They usually show us what happened during centuries or even millenniums. We can divide the past into five main periods of history:
We use a timeline to show important events in the order they happened. They usually show us what happened during centuries or even millenniums. We can divide the past into five main periods of history:
The time before the birth of Jesus Christ is called BC. The time after the birth of Jesus Christ is called AD.
Prehistory is the period from when the first humans existed, about two million years ago, to when written history began. The people that lived during this period didn’t know how to write, but they left historical sources called artefacts. There were two main periods in Prehistory: the Palaeolithic Periodand the Neolithic Period.
Prehistory is the period from when the first humans existed, about two million years ago, to when written history began. The people that lived during this period didn’t know how to write, but they left historical sources called artefacts. There were two main periods in Prehistory: the Palaeolithic Periodand the Neolithic Period.
In the Neolithic Period, people started to live in one place and form communities. They started to grow crops and keep domestic animals. They used stone and metal to make more complex tools.
Ancient History is the period from when written history began to the fall of the Roman Empire. During this time, great civilisations developed in countries such as Greece, Egypt, China and Mexico.
Each civilisation developed a different way of writing. For example Ancient Egyptians wrote in hieroglyphics and the Romans wrote in Latin.
People began to live in big towns and cities, such as Rome and Athens. They also built public and Greek temple private buildings.
They formed governments, wrote laws, developed skills and had jobs. They also made important advances in agriculture.
Each civilisation developed a different way of writing. For example Ancient Egyptians wrote in hieroglyphics and the Romans wrote in Latin.
People began to live in big towns and cities, such as Rome and Athens. They also built public and Greek temple private buildings.
They formed governments, wrote laws, developed skills and had jobs. They also made important advances in agriculture.
The Middle Ages began about 1 500 years ago. During this period, two main cultures lived on the Iberian Peninsula: Christian culture and Islamic culture. The Iberian Peninsula was divided into kingdoms. Each kingdom had a king.
People built castles and walls to defend their territory.
People built castles and walls to defend their territory.
In Christian areas, churches and cathedrals were built.
In Islamic areas, mosques were built.
The Early Modern Age began about five hundred years ago. Small kingdoms came together to form big countries with one king.
The Modern Age began about 200 years ago. It was a time of industry and changes in society. New inventions, such as the steam engine, changed the way people lived and worked. Cities grew and changed, with new streets and buildings. Public services, such as schools, hospitals and transport, became common. With the invention of the telephone, radio and television, communicationbecame easier. |
Factories made mass-produced products. People moved to towns and cities to work in these factories, so urban populations increased.
Spain
Mainland Spain is located in the south-west of Europe. Spain is divided into areas of land called autonomous communities. There are seventeen autonomous communities in Spain. Spain also has two autonomous cities in the north of Africa - Ceuta and Melilla. The autonomous communities have their own government and most of them have a capital city.
This physical map shows where the important landforms in Spain and the Iberian Peninsula are located. Hills, mountains and low areas of lands are in different colours so it’s easy for us to see them. There is also a key which tells us what each colour means.
Most of Spain is located on the Iberian Peninsula. A peninsula is an area of land that is mostly surrounded by water, but is connected to a larger area of land on one side. There are lots of different types of landscapes in Spain and many different types of landforms.
Thousands of rivers flow across the Iberian Peninsula but most of them are quite small and dry up during the summer months. Some of Spain’s largest rivers travel hundreds of kilometres through many villages, towns and cities. These rivers are used for agriculture, such as growing fruit and vegetables. They also provide drinking water to both wild animals and humans.
The major rivers begin high in the summits of the mountain ranges of Spain. Each river begins at a different source and travels across Spain to its mouth, located in one of the major bodies of water surrounding the Iberian Peninsula.
WE ARE EUROPEANS!
Europe is home to countries of all shapes and sizes. Look at the political map below and read some interesting facts about some European countries and capital cities.
Lisbon, the capital city of Portugal, is located on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. Madrid, the capital city of Spain, sits on the Meseta Central. It is the largest city in Spain.
The Vatican City is the smallest country in the world. It is located in Rome, the capital city of Italy.
Greece has thousands of islands of different sizes, but its capital city, Athens, is located on the mainland. Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Iceland and Finland make up an area called Scandinavia. In the very north of Norway, there isn’t any sunset from 19 April to 23 August.
Can you find the capital cities of these five countries on the map?
There are many small, inland countries in the east of Europe. The Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary are located in the centre of the continent far from any ocean or sea. However, other countries like Poland, Ukraine and Romania are some of the largest countries in Europe.
The Vatican City is the smallest country in the world. It is located in Rome, the capital city of Italy.
Greece has thousands of islands of different sizes, but its capital city, Athens, is located on the mainland. Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Iceland and Finland make up an area called Scandinavia. In the very north of Norway, there isn’t any sunset from 19 April to 23 August.
Can you find the capital cities of these five countries on the map?
There are many small, inland countries in the east of Europe. The Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary are located in the centre of the continent far from any ocean or sea. However, other countries like Poland, Ukraine and Romania are some of the largest countries in Europe.
Europe is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Asia to the east, the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Arctic Ocean to the north. Look at this physical map of Europe and find important landforms, such as mountains and islands, and bodies of water, such as oceans, seas and rivers.
The North Sea is part of the Atlantic Ocean and connects to the English Channel and the Baltic Sea.
The English Channel separates Great Britain from France and mainland Europe. Did you know that the English Channel is about 33 km wide at its narrowest point? People regularly try to swim across it - would you like to?
The Mediterranean Sea connects to the Atlantic Ocean at the Estrecho de Gibraltar. This area of water forms a natural border between the Iberian Peninsula and Africa.
The Atlantic Ocean separates Europe from North and South America. It connects to most of the seas in Europe.
In the east, the Black Sea forms a natural border between Europe and Asia. The Caspian Sea also forms a natural border between Europe and Asia. Technically, it is not a sea but a lake – the largest lake in the world! We consider it a lake because it is completely surrounded by land.
The North Sea is part of the Atlantic Ocean and connects to the English Channel and the Baltic Sea.
The English Channel separates Great Britain from France and mainland Europe. Did you know that the English Channel is about 33 km wide at its narrowest point? People regularly try to swim across it - would you like to?
The Mediterranean Sea connects to the Atlantic Ocean at the Estrecho de Gibraltar. This area of water forms a natural border between the Iberian Peninsula and Africa.
The Atlantic Ocean separates Europe from North and South America. It connects to most of the seas in Europe.
In the east, the Black Sea forms a natural border between Europe and Asia. The Caspian Sea also forms a natural border between Europe and Asia. Technically, it is not a sea but a lake – the largest lake in the world! We consider it a lake because it is completely surrounded by land.
The Alps are the highest mountain range in Europe. The mountain range extends across eight different countries and forms a natural border between Italy and France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia. Mont Blanc is the highest mountain in the Alps (4 810 metres).
POWER POINT PRESENTATIONS:
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1WC2fj3cHBzrSKvtPGWQE1LLI72nTMrrG
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1WC2fj3cHBzrSKvtPGWQE1LLI72nTMrrG
1. What is the difference between Europe and European Union?
2. What is the largest country in Europe?
3. What is the smallest country in Europe? Where is it located?
4. Name three European countries which are located on islands.
5. Which countries make up Scandinavia?
6. Which country is to the west of Spain?
7. Which four countries border Switzerland?
8. Budapest is the capital city of which country?
9. Which country is bordered by Norway, Sweden and Russia?
10. Find out what the most common languages in Europe are.
11. Find out why the Caspian Sea is called a sea, if it is actually a lake.
12. Where is the mouth of the Rhine located?
13. Many people have successfully swam across the English Channel. Find out who did it in the quickest time. How long did it take?
14. The Alps are a popular tourist destination all year long. Find out what type of activities people can do there.
15. What is a peninsula?
16. Which river is part of the border between Germany and France?
17. Which sea forms a natural border between Europe and Asia?
CHRISTMAS HOLIDAY PROJECT: "We are Europeans!"
Make a poster or a Power Point Presentation about a European country (it's possible to make it in couples).
Group A- B (Check your class number and look for your country in the list below!).
2. What is the largest country in Europe?
3. What is the smallest country in Europe? Where is it located?
4. Name three European countries which are located on islands.
5. Which countries make up Scandinavia?
6. Which country is to the west of Spain?
7. Which four countries border Switzerland?
8. Budapest is the capital city of which country?
9. Which country is bordered by Norway, Sweden and Russia?
10. Find out what the most common languages in Europe are.
11. Find out why the Caspian Sea is called a sea, if it is actually a lake.
12. Where is the mouth of the Rhine located?
13. Many people have successfully swam across the English Channel. Find out who did it in the quickest time. How long did it take?
14. The Alps are a popular tourist destination all year long. Find out what type of activities people can do there.
15. What is a peninsula?
16. Which river is part of the border between Germany and France?
17. Which sea forms a natural border between Europe and Asia?
CHRISTMAS HOLIDAY PROJECT: "We are Europeans!"
Make a poster or a Power Point Presentation about a European country (it's possible to make it in couples).
- Write its name at the top of the poster.
- Draw and colour its flag.
- Find a physical map that shows the major physical features. Stick it on the poster.
- Stick some photos of important traditions, monuments or landscapes.
- Explain some meaningful facts about this country.
Group A- B (Check your class number and look for your country in the list below!).
- Russia
- France
- Spain
- Sweden
- Norway
- Germany
- Finland
- Poland
- Italy
- United Kingdom
- Romania
- Belarus
- Greece
- Bulgaria
- Iceland
- Hungary
- Portugal
- Austria
- Czech Republic
- Ireland
- Denmark
- Switzerland
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Do you think it is important to learn a foreign language? Why or why not?
- In groups, make a list of things you can do to help you learn English.
- Find out which European countries speak the languages in the circle above. Be careful! Some languages are spoken in more than one country.
a. What is the capital city of Spain?
b. What is the capital city of the United Kingdom?
c. What is the capital city of Greece?
d. What is the capital city of Germany?
e. What is the capital city of France?
f. What is the capital city of Italy?
g. What is a country next to Spain?
h. What is a country next to the United Kingdom?
i. What is a country next to Greece?
j. What is a country next to Germany?
k. What is a country next to France?
l. What is a country next to Italy?
Berlin
b. What is the capital city of the United Kingdom?
c. What is the capital city of Greece?
d. What is the capital city of Germany?
e. What is the capital city of France?
f. What is the capital city of Italy?
g. What is a country next to Spain?
h. What is a country next to the United Kingdom?
i. What is a country next to Greece?
j. What is a country next to Germany?
k. What is a country next to France?
l. What is a country next to Italy?
Berlin
Around the world
Continents.
The five oceans are called:
COUNTRIES AROUND THE WORLD
Do you know the name of your country? All countries have something called a government. Governments makes rules called laws. People have to follow the laws. You probably have rules in your house. What are some rules you have to follow in your home?
Each country has a capital city. The leader of the country usually lives in the capital city. This is also where the members of the government meet to make laws. What is the name of the capital city in your country?
COUNTRIES AND CAPITAL CITIES TO STUDY FOR THE EXAM (It's essential to learn their location).
Continents and oceans:
http://serbal.pntic.mec.es/ealg0027/mmundi2e.html
http://serbal.pntic.mec.es/ealg0027/mmundi1e.html
European countries:
http://serbal.pntic.mec.es/ealg0027/europ_union3e.html
http://serbal.pntic.mec.es/ealg0027/europ_union2e.html
Worldwide countries:
http://world-geography-games.com/
- Countries and capital cities.
- Mountains and rivers.
- Africa
- Antarctica
- Asia
- Australia
- Europe
- North America
- South America
The five oceans are called:
- The Pacific Ocean
- The Atlantic Ocean
- The Indian Ocean
- Arctic Ocean
- Southern Ocean
COUNTRIES AROUND THE WORLD
Do you know the name of your country? All countries have something called a government. Governments makes rules called laws. People have to follow the laws. You probably have rules in your house. What are some rules you have to follow in your home?
Each country has a capital city. The leader of the country usually lives in the capital city. This is also where the members of the government meet to make laws. What is the name of the capital city in your country?
COUNTRIES AND CAPITAL CITIES TO STUDY FOR THE EXAM (It's essential to learn their location).
- Spain - Madrid
- France - Paris
- Germany - Berlin
- Italy - Rome
- Ireland - Dublin
- United Kingdom - London
- India - New Delhi
- Australia - Canberra
- New Zealand - Wellington
- South Africa - Cape Town
- United States - Washington D.C.
- Canada - Ottawa
- Russia - Moscow
- China - Beijing
- Morocco - Rabat
- Brazil - Brasilia
Continents and oceans:
http://serbal.pntic.mec.es/ealg0027/mmundi2e.html
http://serbal.pntic.mec.es/ealg0027/mmundi1e.html
European countries:
http://serbal.pntic.mec.es/ealg0027/europ_union3e.html
http://serbal.pntic.mec.es/ealg0027/europ_union2e.html
Worldwide countries:
http://world-geography-games.com/
MOUNTAINS
A mountain is a landform that rises high above the surrounding terrain in a limited area. They are made from rocks and earth.
Generally, mountains are higher than 600 metres. Those less than 600 metres are called hills.
Some common features of mountains include the following:
A mountain is a landform that rises high above the surrounding terrain in a limited area. They are made from rocks and earth.
Generally, mountains are higher than 600 metres. Those less than 600 metres are called hills.
Some common features of mountains include the following:
- the summit, or the top of a mountain;
- the slope, or side of the mountain; and
- a very steep valley between young mountains.
RIVERS
All rivers start at the highest point in an area. As the river flows downstream, it gains more water from other streams, rivers, springs, added rainfall, and other water sources.
A tributary or affluent is a stream or river that flows into a larger stream. A tributary does not flow directly into a sea or ocean.
A river is freshwater flowing across the surface of the land, usually to the sea.
Is Portugal to the East of Spain? Or... may it be to the West?
How many continents are there in the world? Five? Six? Eight?
Are pyramids common in Austria? Or may they be more common in Egypt?
Do not forget to study where the 16 countries of the list are located!
...and these are all my recommendations...
All rivers start at the highest point in an area. As the river flows downstream, it gains more water from other streams, rivers, springs, added rainfall, and other water sources.
A tributary or affluent is a stream or river that flows into a larger stream. A tributary does not flow directly into a sea or ocean.
A river is freshwater flowing across the surface of the land, usually to the sea.
- The longest river in the world is the Nile River, it reaches around 6650 kilometers in length (4132 miles).
- The second longest river in the world is the Amazon River, it reaches around 6400 kilometres in length (4000 miles).
- Indian Ocean
- Caribbean Sea
- Southern Ocean
Is Portugal to the East of Spain? Or... may it be to the West?
How many continents are there in the world? Five? Six? Eight?
Are pyramids common in Austria? Or may they be more common in Egypt?
Do not forget to study where the 16 countries of the list are located!
...and these are all my recommendations...
PLANS AND MAPS
There are lots of types maps. Some types of maps include
political, physical and thematic maps.
A political map shows the borders of countries. It includes important place names.
A physical map shows the natural features like rivers and mountains.
A thematic map has symbols that explain a topic.
political, physical and thematic maps.
A political map shows the borders of countries. It includes important place names.
A physical map shows the natural features like rivers and mountains.
A thematic map has symbols that explain a topic.
PLANET EARTH
|
|
|
|
OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
|
|
|
|