MACHINES AND INVENTIONS
A machine is something we use to make work easier. We can classify machines as simple machines or complex machines. Simple machines have few or no moving parts.
When we put simple machines together we make a complex machine. All machines use energy, and many complex machines need electrical energy to work.
When we put simple machines together we make a complex machine. All machines use energy, and many complex machines need electrical energy to work.
- Can you think of more machines that make our lives easier at school?
- Design a poster about machines that make our lives easier at home. You can draw the pictures or cut them out.
- How many of the machines in your poster need electricity to work?
Simple machines have few or no moving parts. We can put simple machines together and make complex machines. Read about six simple machines and see how we use them in everyday objects.
- An ..... is used to move objects up and down different levels.
- A ..... uses a rigid bar and a ..... to lift objects.
- A pulley uses a ..... and a ..... to lift heavy objects.
- A screw is an ..... around a ..... .
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Matter and energy
What is matter? Anything we can see, touch, taste or smell is matter. In other words, everything on our planet and in the Universe is made up of matter. Even you are made up of matter!
The words matter and material can be confusing. Materials are made up of matter, and we use materials to make things.
The words matter and material can be confusing. Materials are made up of matter, and we use materials to make things.
- Copy and complete the project in your notebook. Add two more objects and the words to describe them.
- Carla wants to add the word resistant to some of the objects. Which objects?
- All of these objects are made up of different materials (metal, plastic, wood, etc.). Where do we get them from?
A mixture is something that contains two or more different materials. Almost everything around us is a mixture, including the air we breathe. In some mixtures we can see the different materials; in others it is impossible to see the different materials. Try making the mixtures below – some of them are delicious,
Do you think it is possible to separate the different materials in a mixture? We can separate some materials in a mixture by sieving, filtering or evaporating. Follow the steps below and learn about these three methods.
- Describe the two types of mixtures in your own words.
- Put the following mixtures into two groups: sea water, muesli, milkshake, paint, fruit cake.
- Which separation method do you think is best for separating sand and water? What about sand and pebbles?
- Use drawings to explain the difference between filtering and sieving.
Energy is important for everything we do. But did you know that energy has different forms? Look at the picture and read about the different types of energy that we find all around us.
When we heat a material, we are adding thermal energy to it. Thermal energy can make materials change state.
- If the thermal energy in a solid increases, it may become a liquid. This process is called melting.
- If the thermal energy in a liquid increases, it may become a gas. This process is called evaporation.
One of the properties of materials is the way they respond to electricity.
- Electricity can pass through some materials very easily. These materials are called electrical conductors. Metals and water are very good electrical conductors.
- Other materials don’t allow electricity to pass. These materials are called electrical insulators. Wood and plastic are good electrical insulators.
Why is it important to cover electrical cables in plastic?
Have you ever thought about why umbrellas, raincoats and rubber boots protect us from the rain?
We use different materials because of their properties. Look at the objects in the pictures. Think about what they are made of and why we use these materials. Use the words to help.
We use different materials because of their properties. Look at the objects in the pictures. Think about what they are made of and why we use these materials. Use the words to help.
The plant kingdom
Springtime is the season for warmer weather, sunshine, spring showers, and growing plants. You might also find yourself sneezing a lot or having itchy eyes. Plants produce pollen and spores that can cause uncomfortable allergies for humans.
The first stage of reproduction in flowering plants is called ‘pollination‘.
But what is pollination? This is when the pollen produced on the anther of a flower moves to the stigma.
But what is pollination? This is when the pollen produced on the anther of a flower moves to the stigma.
If pollen moves from the anther to the stigma on the same flower (or a flower on the same plant), it is called ‘self-pollination’. If the pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma on another plant, it’s called ‘cross-pollination’.
There are two main ways that flowers are pollinated — by insects and by the wind. Insect pollinated flowers and wind pollinated flowers are adapted differently.
Once the pollen grain lands on the stigma of the same species of plant a seed develops inside the ovary.
There are two main ways that flowers are pollinated — by insects and by the wind. Insect pollinated flowers and wind pollinated flowers are adapted differently.
Once the pollen grain lands on the stigma of the same species of plant a seed develops inside the ovary.
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The animal kingdom
The Animal Kingdom is divided into two groups:
- Invertebrates – All animals without back bones are called Invertebrates. Earthworms, starfishes, squids, snail fall in this category.
- Marine Invertebrates - There are a wide variety of interesting ocean animals that are invertebrates. These include sponges, corals, jellyfish, anemones, and starfish.
- Mollusks - Mollusks have a soft body that is covered by an outer layer called a mantle. Many mollusks live inside a shell, but not all of them. Some examples of mollusks include squid, snails, slugs, octopuses, and oysters.
- Vertebrates – All animals with back bones are called vertebrates (mammals, birds, fish, amphibians and reptiles). A vertebrate is an animal with a backbone. (An invertebrate is an animal without a backbone.) Fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, including humans, are all vertebrates. Vertebrates share some basic characteristics. A hollow backbone and the cranium, or skull, protect the spinal cord and brain of most vertebrates. All vertebrates reproduce by mating between males and females. Fish are the oldest known vertebrates.
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LOOK AFTER YOURSELF
Fruit and vegetables are full of vitamins, minerals and fibre. Fruit has quite a lot of sugar ,so try to eat more vegetables than fruit. Some examples include: broccoli, onion, pepper, carrots, spinach, apples, bananas, cherries, oranges, and many more!
Dairy products are made from milk .They are rich in calcium, which keeps our bones and teeth healthy. Cheese, yoghurt, and milk are dairy products.
Proteins and Iron help us build muscle and make us strong. Meat, fish, beans and eggs contain proteins and iron.
Carbohydrates give us lots of energy. Fibre is good for our digestion. Some examples include: bread, pasta, rice, and other grains.
Fats help our brain and nervous system .Some fats are better for us than others. Good fats include olive oil, salmon, nuts and avocados.
We have three main meals every day: breakfast, lunch and dinner. We also have two snacks, in the morning and in the afternoon.
DON'T FORGET...
Water is very important. About 75% of our bodies is water. We should drink 1.5 litres of water every day (that's 6 glasses)!
Healthy vs. Unhealthy Habits:
HEALTHY 👍
Sleeping 8-10 hours.
Go to bed early.
Wash your hands (before you eat and after you go to the toilet)
Exercise (1 hour every day)
Brush your teeth (at least twice a day)
Take a bath or shower.
UNHEALTHY 👎
Sleep less than 8 hours.
Go to bed late.
Don't wash your hands.
Be lazy.
Don't exercise.
Eat fast food.
Smoke.
Circulatory system
The heart and circulatory system (also called the cardiovascular system) make up the network that delivers blood to the body's tissues. With each heartbeat, blood is sent throughout our bodies,carrying oxygen and nutrients to all of our cells.
Human Digestive System
Our body needs food to provide it with energy, vitamins, and minerals. However, in order use food, we must first break it down into substances that the various organs and cells in our body can use. This is the job of our digestive system. The digestive system acts in stages to digest our food.
Respiratory system
Humans breathe through something called the respiratory system. This system is made up primarily of our lungs and windpipe.
Our body is a very complex system. One of the main things it needs is energy. We get the oxygen to our cells with the respiratory system and by breathing.
Reproductive Organs
*Remember to study the names (and spelling) of the reproductive organs.
MALE: 1 testicles 2 urethra 3 penis
FEMALE: 1 ovary 2 uterus 3 vagina 4 vulva
Stages of Life
*Remember to study the names (and spelling) of the stages of life.
Dairy products are made from milk .They are rich in calcium, which keeps our bones and teeth healthy. Cheese, yoghurt, and milk are dairy products.
Proteins and Iron help us build muscle and make us strong. Meat, fish, beans and eggs contain proteins and iron.
Carbohydrates give us lots of energy. Fibre is good for our digestion. Some examples include: bread, pasta, rice, and other grains.
Fats help our brain and nervous system .Some fats are better for us than others. Good fats include olive oil, salmon, nuts and avocados.
We have three main meals every day: breakfast, lunch and dinner. We also have two snacks, in the morning and in the afternoon.
DON'T FORGET...
Water is very important. About 75% of our bodies is water. We should drink 1.5 litres of water every day (that's 6 glasses)!
Healthy vs. Unhealthy Habits:
HEALTHY 👍
Sleeping 8-10 hours.
Go to bed early.
Wash your hands (before you eat and after you go to the toilet)
Exercise (1 hour every day)
Brush your teeth (at least twice a day)
Take a bath or shower.
UNHEALTHY 👎
Sleep less than 8 hours.
Go to bed late.
Don't wash your hands.
Be lazy.
Don't exercise.
Eat fast food.
Smoke.
Circulatory system
The heart and circulatory system (also called the cardiovascular system) make up the network that delivers blood to the body's tissues. With each heartbeat, blood is sent throughout our bodies,carrying oxygen and nutrients to all of our cells.
Human Digestive System
Our body needs food to provide it with energy, vitamins, and minerals. However, in order use food, we must first break it down into substances that the various organs and cells in our body can use. This is the job of our digestive system. The digestive system acts in stages to digest our food.
Respiratory system
Humans breathe through something called the respiratory system. This system is made up primarily of our lungs and windpipe.
Our body is a very complex system. One of the main things it needs is energy. We get the oxygen to our cells with the respiratory system and by breathing.
Reproductive Organs
*Remember to study the names (and spelling) of the reproductive organs.
MALE: 1 testicles 2 urethra 3 penis
FEMALE: 1 ovary 2 uterus 3 vagina 4 vulva
Stages of Life
*Remember to study the names (and spelling) of the stages of life.
- Babies need a lot of attention and help from their parents.
- Children are able to learn lots of new things.
- Adolescents continue to grow and their bodies change a lot.
- When we're adults, our bodies stop growing.
- Elderly people have a lot of experiences but they sometimes need help to do things. We can learn a lot from them.
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